The appendix is turning out to contain biologically useful tissue that may help prevent nasty gastrointestinal ills.
Pity the poor appendix, a 2- to 4-inch-long wormlike pouch dangling from the head of the cecum, where the large and small intestines meet. For most of its medical history — anatomists have known about it for well over five centuries — it was maligned as a mysterious, vestigial and seemingly useless organ that could only cause trouble if left to its own devices.
Though unable to determine its function, doctors recognized that the appendix could become inflamed and cause serious illness, even death. And so more often than not, starting in the mid-18th century, when in doubt, surgeons took it out.
The first successful appendectomy — on an 11-year-old boy whose appendix was punctured by a pin he swallowed — took place in London in 1735, followed 24 years later by the first appendectomy to treat appendicitis, in which the organ becomes infected.
By the late 1800s, improvements in operative techniques and anesthesia rendered surgery the undisputed treatment of choice, and it has remained so even though British physicians, among others, found in the mid-1900s that patients given only antibiotics often recovered without surgery.
But the wheels of medical change can turn very slowly, and only now have researchers successfully demonstrated that nearly two-thirds of patients with an infected appendix that hasn’t ruptured (so-called uncomplicated appendicitis) do as well or better when treated with antibiotics than those who have the appendix surgically removed.
The most definitive study, of 530 patients with uncomplicated appendicitis, was published in September in JAMA. Finnish researchers showed that appendicitis had not recurred five years later in 172 of the 257 patients randomly assigned to be treated with antibiotics. Of the 85 patients in the antibiotics group whose recurrent infections were then treated surgically, seven turned out not to have appendicitis, and in only two had the appendix ruptured.
In an accompanying editorial, Dr. Edward H. Livingston, deputy editor of JAMA, wrote that findings from the Finnish study “dispel the notion that uncomplicated acute appendicitis is a surgical emergency. Nonsurgical treatment in uncomplicated appendicitis is a reasonable option.”
The latest and largest study was published in JAMA Surgery, though it was less definitive because it was not a randomized trial. It found that the success of nonsurgical treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis was better than previously believed, but patients treated without surgery were twice as likely to be readmitted to the hospital and required more follow-up visits, which ended up costing $785 more per patient than the cost for patients treated surgically.
A CT scan is now able to show with nearly foolproof accuracy whether appendicitis is uncomplicated and thus amenable to antibiotic therapy. (Ultrasound can be used for diagnosis in children and pregnant women.)
Even though about two patients in five treated with antibiotics later required an operation, the advantages of a nonsurgical approach for those who were spared a recurrence of appendicitis include avoiding potential complications from anesthesia and surgery and a much longer recovery.
Still, you may want to know, why keep this organ, given that 7 percent of us will develop appendicitis during our lifetimes? The answer, my friends, is that the appendix is turning out to contain biologically useful tissue that may help prevent nasty gastrointestinal ills.
As long ago as 1913, a British surgeon pointed out that the appendix is a mass of lymphoid tissue that most likely protects against harmful infections. “The vermiform appendix of man is not solely a vestigial structure,” Dr. Edred M. Corner wrote in The British Medical Journal. “On the contrary, it is a specialized part of the alimentary canal, Nature having made use of a disappearing structure and endowed it with a secondary function by giving it lymphoid tissue to protect the body against the micro-organisms in the ileo-caecal region.”
Now, a century later, researchers have provided evidence in support of Dr. Corner, contradicting longstanding medical dogma to remove the appendix, not only when it’s infected, but whenever surgery for some other reason renders it accessible. Sixteen years ago, when I was about to be operated on for a strangulated intestine, I was asked if I wanted my appendix removed at the same time.
My response was “Hell no! It might be useful.” Though I could cite no biological evidence at the time, I suspected evolution didn’t produce and preserve the appendix for no reason. As it turns out, Heather F. Smith, an evolutionary biologist, and colleagues at Midwestern University in Glendale, Ariz., have found convincing evidence that “the appendix had apparently evolved independently more than 30 times in the course of mammalian evolution, suggesting that it provided some kind of adaptive advantage,” she told me.
“The appendix, with its high concentration of lymphoid tissue, stimulates and supports the immune system, especially when pathogens invade the gastrointestinal tract,” she explained. Furthermore, she suggested, we could do a lot better to preserve the health-promoting potential of this tissue.
Dr. Smith pointed out that, although great apes, several other primates and rodents have an appendix, only humans get appendicitis, a condition that predominantly afflicts people in industrialized nations who consume a Westernized high-carbohydrate, low-fiber diet that can result in calcified carbohydrate particles becoming trapped in the opening to the appendix.
Research at Duke University lends further support to the value of this “useless vestige of evolution,” as it was long considered. Dr. Ralph Randal Bollinger and colleagues in the department of surgery at Duke described the presence of a “biofilm” of beneficial bacteria in the large bowel of humans, suggesting that the appendix “is well suited as a ‘safe house’” for bacteria that can repopulate the colon when its contents are “purged following exposure to a pathogen.”
In other words, should you become afflicted with a diarrheal illness that washes out the good bacteria normally found in a healthy colon, the appendix can serve as a repository of beneficial organisms to replace them.
Although the incidence of appendicitis in Western countries is falling, more than 200,000 cases occur annually in the United States, making appendicitis the most common abdominal emergency.
Thus, it behooves all of us to keep in mind the possible symptoms of appendicitis so that early diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment might be possible. Left untreated, an infected appendix can burst and spread the infection throughout the abdomen.
The pain of appendicitis typically starts near the navel but soon moves to the lower right part of the abdomen (upper right in pregnant women). The pain is likely to worsen if you cough, walk or make other abrupt movements.
Experts urge that you call your doctor or go to the emergency room without delay if you notice new or worsening pain, especially if you also have fever, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, lack of energy, abdominal bloating, constipation or diarrhea and an inability to pass gas.
